[NiFe] Group 4a-hydrogenase

This entry was last updated at: Feb. 9, 2018, 7:09 a.m.

Properties

Group	[NiFe] Group 4: Respiratory H₂-evolving [NiFe] hydrogenases
Subgroup	[NiFe] Group 4a: Formate hydrogenlyases
Function	Directly couples formate oxidation to H₂ evolution. It remains unclear whether this process can be coupled to proton-translocation through the transmembrane modules. Reverse reaction occurs in vitro but unresolved whether it occurs in vivo.
Activity	H₂-evolution
Oxygen tolerance	O₂-sensitive
Localisation	Membrane-bound

Distribution

Ecosystem distribution	Animal gastrointestinal tracts
Taxonomic distribution	Encoded in Enterobacteria and several other Proteobacteria

Genetic Organisation

Organisation 1: Escherichia coli hyc operon (WP_014639275.1):

Organisation 2: Escherichia coli hyf operon (WP_014641051.1):

Architecture

Structures	None
Subunits	6 or 9
Subunit description	HycE / HyfG (hydrogenase large subunit) HycG / HyfI (hydrogenase small subunit) HycF / HyfH (iron-sulfur protein) HycB / HyfA (iron-sulfur protein) HycC / HyfB (NuoL-like transmembrane adaptors) HycD / HyfC (NuoH-like transmembrane adaptors) Hyf-type enzymes additionally associated with three antiporter-like subunits (HyfD, HyfE, HyfF) Loosely associated with formate dehydrogenase module (FdhF)
Catalytic site	[NiFe]-centre
FeS clusters	Proximal: 4Cys[4Fe4S] Medial: Absent Distal: Absent

Important Notes

It remains to be resolved whether the formate hydrogenlyase is fermentative (proton-nontranslocating) or respiring (proton-translocating) complex. Based on structural analysis of Complex I suggests, it is possible that the NuoL-like and NuoM-like subunits are proton-translocating. It is likely that Hyf-like complexes can generate membrane potential through its antiporter-like subunits.

Sequences in this class

NCBI Accession	Organism	Hydrogenase Class	Phylum	Order	Activity (Predicted)	Oxygen Tolerance (Predicted)	Subunits (Predicted)	Metal Centres (Predicted)	Accessory Subunits (Predicted)
WP_020454964.1	Enterobacter sp. R4-368	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_008499575.1	Enterobacter sp. SST3	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_016310471.1	Enterorhabdus caecimuris	[NiFe] Group 4a	Actinobacteria	Coriobacterales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_028027490.1	Enterorhabdus mucosicola	[NiFe] Group 4a	Actinobacteria	Coriobacterales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_027712521.1	Erwinia chrysanthemi	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_017802632.1	Erwinia toletana	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_002461475.1	Escherichia albertii	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_014639275.1	Escherichia coli	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_014641051.1	Escherichia coli	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_001102339.1	Escherichia fergusonii	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_002436255.1	Escherichia hermannii	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_014558423.1	Fervidicoccus fontis	[NiFe] Group 4a	Crenarchaeota	Fervidicoccales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_013400781.1	Geobacillus sp. Y4.1MC1	[NiFe] Group 4a	Firmicutes	Bacillales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_013876883.1	Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius	[NiFe] Group 4a	Firmicutes	Bacillales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_005645455.1	Haemophilus haemolyticus	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Pasteurellales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_014065500.1	Haemophilus parainfluenzae	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Pasteurellales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_007242420.1	Haemophilus pittmaniae	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Pasteurellales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_025797024.1	Hafnia alvei	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_025801577.1	Hafnia alvei	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_004114746.1	Klebsiella oxytoca	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_023342092.1	Klebsiella pneumoniae	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_022065323.1	Klebsiella variicola	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_007370867.1	Kosakonia radicincitans	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_007370513.1	Kosakonia radicincitans	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_027275601.1	Leminorella grimontii	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_025773400.1	Moorella thermoacetica	[NiFe] Group 4a	Firmicutes	Thermoanaerobacterales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_025151932.1	Morganella morganii	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_028536385.1	Paludibacterium yongneupense	[NiFe] Group 4a	Betaproteobacteria	Neisseriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_013511773.1	Pantoea sp. At-9b	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_005760524.1	Pasteurella bettyae	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Pasteurellales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_005764546.1	Pasteurella dagmatis	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Pasteurellales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_011092831.1	Pectobacterium atrosepticum	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_005366168.1	Photobacterium angustum	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Vibrionales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_008989674.1	Photobacterium leiognathi	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Vibrionales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_006232936.1	Photobacterium profundum	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Vibrionales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_007469705.1	Photobacterium sp. AK15	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Vibrionales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_006644813.1	Photobacterium sp. SKA34	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Vibrionales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_004245689.1	Proteus mirabilis	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_006536160.1	Proteus penneri	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_006658446.1	Providencia alcalifaciens	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_008912486.1	Providencia burhodogranariea	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_006814426.1	Providencia rustigianii	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_008916657.1	Providencia sneebia	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_015466266.1	Psychromonas sp. CNPT3	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Alteromonadales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_015696362.1	Rahnella aquatilis	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_013574483.1	Rahnella sp. Y9602	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_011474970.1	Rhodopseudomonas palustris	[NiFe] Group 4a	Alphaproteobacteria	Rhizobiales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_008384313.1	Rhodovulum sp. PH10	[NiFe] Group 4a	Alphaproteobacteria	Rhodobacterales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_020845056.1	Salmonella bongori	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)
WP_023227550.1	Salmonella enterica	[NiFe] Group 4a	Gammaproteobacteria	Enterobacteriales	Evolving	Sensitive	6 or 9	[NiFe]-centre, 1 x [4Fe4S] clusters	NuoL, NuoH, two [FeS] proteins, (three antiporter subunits)

Literature

Genetics:

Andrews, S.C., Berks, B.C., McClay, J., Ambler, A., Quail, M.A., Golby, P., and Guest, J.R. (1997) A 12-cistron Escherichia coli operon (hyf) encoding a putative proton-translocating formate hydrogenlyase system. Microbiol. 143: 3633-3647.
Barrett, E.L., Kwan, H.S., and Macy, J. (1984) Anaerobiosis, formate, nitrate, and pyrA are involved in the regulation of formate hydrogenlyase in Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 158: 972-977.
Böhm, R., Sauter, M., and Böck, A. (1990) Nucleotide sequence and expression of an operon in Escherichia coli coding for formate hydrogenylase components. Mol. Microbiol. 4: 231-243.
Chippaux, M., Casse, F. and Pascal, M.C. (1972) Isolation and phenotypes of mutants from Salmonella typhimurium defective in formate hydrogenlyase activity. J. Bacteriol. 110: 766-768.
Greening, C., Biswas, A., Carere, C.R., Jackson, C.J., Taylor, M.C., Stott, M.B., Cook, G.M., and Morales, S.E. (2016) Genomic and metagenomic surveys of hydrogenase distribution indicate H₂ is a widely utilised energy source for microbial growth and survival. ISME J. 10: 761-777.
Kruse, S., Goris, T., Wolf, M., Wei, X., and Diekert, G. (2017). The NiFe hydrogenases of the tetrachloroethene-respiring Epsilonproteobacterium Sulfurospirillum multivorans: biochemical studies and transcription analysis. Front. Microbiol. 8: 444.
Marreiros, B.C., Batista, A.P., Duarte, A.M., and Pereira, M.M. (2013) A missing link between complex I and group 4 membrane-bound [NiFe] hydrogenases. BBA Bioenerg. 1827: 198-209.
Pi, J., Jawed, M., Wang, J., Xu, L., and Yan, Y. (2016) Mutational analysis of the hyc-operon determining the relationship between hydrogenase-3 and NADH pathway in Enterobacter aerogenes. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 82: 1-7.
Sauter, M., Böhm, R., and Böck, A. (1992) Mutational analysis of the operon (hyc) determining hydrogenase 3 formation in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 6: 1523-1532.
Sawers, R.G., Ballantine, S.P., and Boxer, D.H. (1985) Differential expression of hydrogenase isoenzymes in Escherichia coli K-12: evidence for a third isoenzyme. J. Bacteriol. 164: 1324-1331.
Schlensog, V. and Böck, A. (1990) Identification and sequence analysis of the gene encoding the transcriptional activator of the formate hydrogenlyase system of Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 4: 1319-1327.
Self, W.T., Hasona, A. and Shanmugam, K.T. (2004) Expression and regulation of a silent operon, hyf, coding for hydrogenase 4 isoenzyme in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 186: 580-587.
Skibinski, D.A., Golby, P., Chang, Y.S., Sargent, F., Hoffman, R., Harper, R., Guest, J.R., Attwood, M.M., Berks, B.C., and Andrews, S.C. (2002) Regulation of the hydrogenase-4 operon of Escherichia coli by the sigma54-dependent transcriptional activators FhlA and HyfR. J. Bacteriol. 184: 6642-6653.
Zinoni, F., Birkmann, A., Stadtman, T.C., and Böck, A. (1986) Nucleotide sequence and expression of the selenocysteine-containing polypeptide of formate dehydrogenase (formate-hydrogen-lyase-linked) from Escherichia coli. Proc. Acad. Natl. Sci. USA 83: 4650-4654.

Physiology:

Lamichhane-Khadka, R., Benoit, S.L., Miller-Parks, E.F., and Maier, R.J. (2015) Host hydrogen rather than that produced by the pathogen is important for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium virulence. Infect. Immun. 83: 311-316.
Mnatsakanyan, N., Bagramyan, K., and Trchounian, A. (2004) Hydrogenase 3 but not hydrogenase 4 is major in hydrogen gas production by Escherichia coli formate hydrogenlyase at acidic pH and in the presence of external formate. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 41: 357-365.
Noguchi, K., Riggins, D.P., Eldahan, K.C., Kitko, R.D., and Slonczewski, J.L. (2010) Hydrogenase-3 contributes to anaerobic acid resistance of Escherichia coli. PLOS One 5: e10132.
Peck Jr, H.D. and Gest, H. (1957) Formic dehydrogenase and the hydrogenlyase enzyme complex in coli-aerogenes bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 73: 706-721.
Redwood, M.D., Mikheenko, I.P., Sargent, F. and Macaskie, L.E. (2008) Dissecting the roles of Escherichia coli hydrogenases in biohydrogen production. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 278: 48-55.
Qadri, S.H. and Hoare, D.S. (1968) Formic hydrogenlyase and the photoassimilation of formate by a strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris. J. Bacteriol. 95: 2344-2357.
Roger, M., Brown, F., Gabrielli, W., and Sargent, F. (2018) Efficient hydrogen-dependent carbon dioxide reduction by Escherichia coli. Curr. Biol. 8: 140-145.
Sawers, R.G., Jamieson, D.J., Higgins, C.F., and Boxer, D.H. (1986) Characterization and physiological roles of membrane-bound hydrogenase isoenzymes from Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 168: 398-404.
Stephenson, M. and Stickland, L.H. (1932) Hydrogenlyases: Bacterial enzymes liberating molecular hydrogen. Biochemical J. 26: 712-724.
Trchounian, K. and Trchounian, A. (2013) Escherichia coli hydrogenase 4 (hyf) and hydrogenase 2 (hyb) contribution in H₂ production during mixed carbon (glucose and glycerol) fermentation at pH 7.5 and pH 5.5. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38: 3921-3929.
Trchounian, K. and Trchounian, A. (2014) Hydrogen producing activity by Escherichia coli hydrogenase 4 (hyf) depends on glucose concentration. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 39: 16914-16918.
Yoshida, A., Nishimura, T., Kawaguchi, H., Inui, M., and Yukawa, H. (2005) Enhanced hydrogen production from formic acid by formate hydrogen lyase-overexpressing Escherichia coli strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 6762-6768.

Biochemistry:

Axley, M.J., Grahame, D.A., and Stadtman, T.C. (1990) Escherichia coli formate-hydrogen lyase. Purification and properties of the selenium-dependent formate dehydrogenase component. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 18213-18218.
Maeda, T., Sanchez-Torres, V., and Wood, T.K. (2007) Escherichia coli hydrogenase 3 is a reversible enzyme possessing hydrogen uptake and synthesis activities. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 76: 1035-1042.
McDowall, J.S., Hjersing, M.C., Palmer, T., and Sargent, F. (2015) Dissection and engineering of the Escherichia coli formate hydrogenlyase complex. FEBS Lett. 589: 3141-3147.
McDowall, J.S., Murphy, B.J., Haumann, M., Palmer, T., Armstrong, F.A., and Sargent, F. (2014) Bacterial formate hydrogenlyase complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111: E3948-E3956.
Lamont, C.M., Kelly, C.L., Pinske, C., Buchanan, G., Palmer, T., and Sargent, F. (2017) Expanding the substrates for a bacterial hydrogenlyase reaction. Microbiol. 163: 649-653.
Pinske, C. and Sargent, F. (2016) Exploring the directionality of Escherichia coli formate hydrogenlyase: a membrane-bound enzyme capable of fixing carbon dioxide to organic acid. MicrobiologyOpen 5: 721-737.